Cultural Diversity UPNA

Multiculturalism's MindMap 

Below you'll find my MindMap about Race and ethnicty 

•        Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity

•        Human Biological Diversity and the Race Concept

•        Race and Ethnicity

•        The Social Construction of Race

ETHNICITY AND RACE

•        Why have anthropologists rejected the race concept?

•        How are ethnicity and race socially constructed in various societies?

•        What are the positive and negative aspects
of ethnicity?

ETHNIC GROUPS AND ETHNICITY

•        Ethnic group: group whose members share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of their common background

•        Ethnicity: identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation

•        Ethnic feelings and their associated behavior vary in intensity within ethnic groups and countries and over time

•        Cultural differences may be associated with ethnicity, class, region, or religion

•        Status: positions that people occupy in society

Privilege MindMap 

How privileg am I ? 

According to a survey, in cultural diveristy we had the opportunity to make a test in order to know how do we are privileged. This survey was compound by some questions about gender, orientation, face and culture 

My score was 122 that is means that i am pretty privileged 

Here you can find my MindMap about Language and communication 

WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

Language:

·         primary means of communication (spoken or written)

·         Transmitted through learning as part of enculturation

·         Based on arbitrary, learned associations between words and the things they represent

Allows humans to:

·         Conjure up elaborate images

·         Discuss the past and future

·         Share experiences with others

·         Benefit from their experiences

Anthropologists study language in its social and cultural context

NONHUMAN PRIMATE COMMUNICATION

Call Systems:

·         use a limited number of sounds that are produced in response to specific stimuli

·         Automatic and cannot be combined

At some point in human development, our ancestors began to combine calls and to understand combinations

SIGN LANGUAGE

More recent experiments show that apes can learn to use, if not speak, true language

Washoe, a female chimpanzee, as the first one that:

·         eventually acquired vocabulary of more than 100 American Sign Language (ASL) signs

·         began to combine signs into elementary sentences

Lucy, another female chimpanzee, lived in a foster family and used ASL to converse with her foster parents

Cultural transmission: transmission through learning, basic to language

·         Washoe and Lucy tried to teach ASL to other animals

Koko, a female gorilla, regularly uses 400 ASL signs and has used 700 at least once

Cultural transmission of communication system through learning is fundamental attribute of language

Productivity: combining two or more signs to create new expressions

Displacement: the ability to talk about things that are not present

Religion's MindMap 

RELIGION

What is religion, and what are its various forms, social correlates, and functions?

What is ritual, and what are its various forms and expressions?

What role does religion play in maintaining and changing societies?

WHAT IS RELIGION?

Wallace: religion is belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces

Reese: bodies of people who gather together regularly for worship

Durkheim: religious effervescence as intense emotional effect through collective worship

Turner: communitas: Intense feeling of social solidarity

Religion is a cultural universal

Sex and gender MindMap 

Women and men differ genetically

-       Sexual dimorphism: marked differences in male and female biology besides the primary and secondary sexual features

-       Sex differences are biological

-       Gender encompasses traits that a culture assigns to and inculcates in males and females

-       Gender roles: tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the seces

-       Gender stereotypes: oversimplified, strongly held ideas of characteristics of men and women

-       Gender stratification: unequal distribution of rewards between men and women, reflecting different positions in a social hierarchy

Recurrement gender patterns

The subsistence contribution of men and women are roughly equal cross-culturally

-       In domestic activities, female labor dominates

-       Women tend to work more hours than men do

-       Women are primary caregivers, but men often play a role

Differences in male and female reproductive strategies

-       Women can have only so many babies during the courses of their reproductive years

-       Men rate within and outside marriage more than women do

-       Men less restricted than women are although restrictions are equal in about half the societies studies

Among foragers:

-       Increase when men contribute much more to the diet than women do, usually by hunting big animals and fishing

-       Gathering is generally women’s work and they also fish and hunt small animals

Sanday: gender stratification decreased when men and women made roughly equal contributions to subsistence

Domestic public dichotomy: strong differentiation between home and the outside world is called the domestic public dichotomy or the private public contrast

Gender roles and satisfaction:

-       Greater size, strength, and training on mobility for men led to exclusive service in roles of hunters and warriors

-       Pregnancy and lactation keep woman from being primary hunters if foraging societies

Gender in agricultural societies

-       As agriculture becomes mayor subsistence activity, women get separated from food production for the first time in human existence

-       Even that women are asked to bring many more children in order to secure future production, domestic and reproductive role is now seen as clearly inferior

-       Family structure changes: nuclear family gets usual patriolocal patterns isolate women from their relatives

-       Sexuality regulation gets more restrictive for women. Double standard

-       Gender stratification in these societies appears more clearly when plow technology

Patriarchy and violence

-       Patriarchy: political system ruled by men in which women have inferior social and political status, including basic human rights

-       Gender stratification typically reduced in societies in which women have prominent roles in the economy and social life

-       Gender-based violence: a patriarchy’s result

Gender in industrial societies

Domestic public dichotomy influences gender stratification in industrial societies

-       Gender roles changing rapidly in north America

Margolis: gender work attitudes and beliefs have varied in respond to US economic needs

Changes in economy led to changes in attitudes toward and about woman

Between 70 and 2010, female percentage of American workforce rose from 38 to 47%

As woman increasing work outside the home changed

The feminization of poverty

Increasing representation of woman and their children among America’s poorest people

-       % Of single parent households increasing worldwide

-       Households headed by women poorer than are those headed by men

One way to improve situation of poor women is to encourage them to organize

Work and Happiness

-       Correlation between ranking of happiness and of women’s work outside the home

-       Of 13 countries with greatest female labor force participation, 10 ranked among world’s happiest.

Beyond male and female

Contemporary US includes individuals who self-identify using such labels as transgender intersex third gender and transsexual

-       Transgender: social category that includes individuals who may or may not contrast biologically with ordinary males and females.

-       Intersex: conditions involving discrepancy between external and internal genitals. Argues binary sex to be biologically given

Sexual orientation

Sexual orientation refers to person’s habitual sexual attraction to and sexual activities with persons of the opposite sex. Then sexual orientations appears like heterosexual, homosexuals, bisexual, asexual, pansexual

In US tendency to see sexual orientation as fixed and biologically based not with standing:

-       Sexual norms vary from culture to culture

-       As sexuality is cultural and socially constructed, sexual orientation may not be fixed all life long

Flexibility in sexual expression seems to be an aspect of our primate heritage.

Just below you can find my coat of arms if you want to know a bit of my life. I had to answer at several questions? 

Describe my original country

If I was a symbol 

If I was an animal 

And finally if I was a quote 

First of all you can find my MindMap

Culture and diveristy is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture, as in the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural decay. The phrase cultural diversity can also refer to having different cultures respect each other's differences. The phrase "cultural diversity" is also sometimes used to mean the variety of human societies  or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole. The culturally destructive action of globalization is often said to have a negative effect on the world's cultural diversity.

But What is culture ? 

Culture can be 

Learned because we can learn how to integrate by himself in a culture. We can also learn the differents way of life in a country or the customs. In deed culture can be learned becase culture is different all around the world. 

Symbolic because we can be proud of our culture. It can be also a symbol for us 

Shared because it might be possible to share his own culture with every one 

You could also find here an explanatory video about cultural diversity 

MindMap of What is Anthropology 

Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. To understand the full sweep and complexity of cultures across all of human history, anthropology draws and builds upon knowledge from the social and biological sciences as well as the humanities and physical sciences. A central concern of anthropologists is the application of knowledge to the solution of human problems.

Explore how people are subjected to, participate in, and contest the processes of living in a world that is interconnected by powerful economic, cultural and technological forces. Gain the tools necessary for critical analysis of our place in the social and cultural diversity of the world

 Anthropologists often integrate the perspectives of several of these areas into their research, teaching, and professional lives.

• Biological or physical anthropology 
• Linguistic anthropology 
• Cultural anthropology and sociology 

For summarise we can say that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. It's the systematic exploration of human biological and cultural diversity. 

Here is a short explanatory video about Anthropology 

For begin we have to know what are Humans rights ? 

Fundamentals rights MindMap 

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.

Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law , general principles and other sources of international law. International human rights law lays down obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.

For the second part we can talk about The Universal Decaration on Humain rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United nations general Assembly on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot à Paris. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second world war and represents the first global expression of rights to which all humain beings are inherently entitled.

The declaration has been written by Dr Charles Malik (Lebanon) Alexandre Bogomolov ( USSK) Dr Peng-Chun Chang (China) René Cassin (France), Eleanor Roosevelt (US), Charles Duke (UK), William Hodgson (Australia), Hernan Santa Cruz (Chile) and John p. Humphrey (Canada) 

Fundamentals rights are similar to human rights but are different in the sense that they have legal obligations and are enforceable in a court of law. But human rights do not have such legal obligations and are not enforceable in courts. 

Fundamental rights are a generally regarded set of legal protections in the context of a legal system, where in such system is based upon this same set of basic, fundamental or inalieable rights. 

Below you can find an explanatory video about The declaration of Human rights